Morbi-mortalidad de la hipertensión arterial según magnitud del cambio de los factores de riesgo: seguimiento a 30 años / Morbimortality of arterial systemic hypertension according to risk factor control: a 30 years follow up study

Antecedentes: El tratamiento integral de la hipertensión arterial esencial involucra el tratamiento farmacológico y el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: Estudiar a largo plazo la magnitud y frecuencia del cambio de los factores de riesgo, incluida la presión arterial, sobre la morbi-mortalidad de la hipertensión. Método: Estudio observacional durante 30 años de una cohorte de 1.360 hipertensos esenciales tratados con fármacos habituales (tiazidicos, B-bloqueadores, antagonistas del Ca++ e inhibidores ECA) y medidas dietéticas, educacionales y farmacológicas tendientes a mejorar el estilo de vida (cigarrillo, alcohol y sedentarismo) y controlar adecuadamente las enfermedades concomitantes (diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidad, gota). Se analizó el cambio individual de los 8 factores de riesgo fijando como éxito: PA <140/90 mmHg, cero consumo de cigarrillos, alcohol > 2 vasos de vino al día, colesterol total <200 mg por ciento, glicemia < 120mg por ciento e índice de masa corporal <30 peso/talla². De acuerdo al éxito individual, se separaron dos grupos: B con cambio adecuado de 4 o más FR y M, sin ese resultado. Se comparó la morbi-mortalidad entre ellos, en total y en forma separada para pacientes complicados y no complicados al ingreso. Estadística según tasas acumulativas y diferencias según método de Cox. Resultados: mortalidad general 0.91 por ciento/año y morbilidades comparables a las de la literatura reciente. Cambio de los factores de riesgo inferior al 50 por ciento, en especial diabetes (26 por ciento) obesidad (18 por ciento) y sedentarismo (15 por ciento). El grupo B con control adecuado de más de 4 factores de riesgo presentó significativamente una menor mortalidad, menor morbilidad total y menor incidencia de Infarto miocárdico, tanto en pacientes previamente complicados como sin ellas al ingreso. Conclusión: Este resultado positivo, a pesar del moderado control de los FR, enfatiza la necesidad de realizar no solo prevención primaria sino también secundaria en forma más intensa y agresiva.

Morbimortalidad de la hipertensión arterial esencial tratada en un seguimiento de 26 años / Mortality and morbidity of treated essential arterial hypertension: a 26 years follow up

Background: Treatment has a definitive impact on mortality in hypertension. The magnitude of blood pressure reduction, the type of drug used and the associated risk factors may modulate the effect of treatment on mortality. Aim: To report the effects of treatment of essential hypertension, in a cohort followed for up to 26 years. Patients and methods: A cohort of 1,172 essential hypertensive patients followed up to 26 years. Patients were treated with different antihypertensive drugs, alone or in combination (diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) according to international rules and consensus. Subjects were followed until death or loss from follow-up. Blood pressure reduction was aimed to obtain figures near 140/ 90 mm Hg. Causes of death and complications were obtained from hospital records, phone and death certificates. Survival was studied using life tables (Kaplan Meier method and intention to treat analysis) and Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: Initial blood pressure dropped significantly from 181/109 to 154/92 mm Hg, p <0.001. Mean follow-up time was 10.6ñ6.1 years. There were 143 cardiovascular deaths, 142 acute myocardial infarctions, 101 strokes, 83 subjects had cardiac failure and 49 had renal failure. The observed rates were 0.92 percent per year for cardiovascular mortality, 1.36 percent per year for coronary heart disease, 0.94 percent per year for stroke. Conclusions: Our mortality rate is lower than that found in classical randomized studies but similar or slightly higher than the more recent ones. Morbidity rates were also very similar. Except for mortality rate, frequency of complications did not change in comparison to our previous report after 15 year of follow up. Aging did not seem to negatively influence mortality rates in adequately treated hypertensive patients

Factores predictores de riesgo de morbimortalidad en hipertensos esenciales seguidos 25 años / Risk factors for morbidity and mortality in subjects with essential hypertension, followed for 25 years

Background: Among hypertensive patients, other risk factors for mortality and morbidity, besides blood pressure, must be considered when therapeutic decisions are done. Aim: To assess the incidence and relevance of cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of patients with essential hypertension. Material and methods: A cohort of 1.072 treated patients with essential hypertension was followed for a period up to 25 years. Four hundred eighty six were men and 586 were women, age ranged from 31 to 70 years. At entry, 56 percent of subjects did not have any organic complications associated to hypertension (stage I WHO criteria), 30 percent had mild alterations (Stage II) and 14 percent had major complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure or renal failure). Likewise, 43.8 percent had mild, 14.5 percent, moderate and 41.7 percent, severe hypertension. Patients were treated with monotherapy or combined therapy based on diuretics, beta blockers, calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Goal of therapy was 140/90 mm Hg. Risk factors associated diseases and complications were registered carefully. Causes of death were obtained from hospital records and death certificates. Mortality was analyzed using life tables (intention to treat method included). Results: Blood pressure dropped significantly during follow up from a mean of 182/110 to 154/92 mm Hg. During follow up, 143 patients died and 429 complications (lethal or non lethal) were recorded. Twenty four percent of patients smoked, 24 percent reported alcohol intake, 56 percent had hypercholesterolemia, 11 percent were obese, 13 percent had diabetes and 3 percent had gout. The proportional hazard model showed that the existence of previous complications, the presence of more than 3 risk factors, and age over 60 and mean systolic and diastolic pressure during therapy, were independent and significant risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: The incidence of risk factors among our hypertensive patients is very similar to that of other national or international cohorts

Influencia de factores de riesgo y terapia farmacológica en la mortalidad de hipertensos esenciales / Influence of pharmacological treatment and risk factors on mortality of hypertensive patients

Background: The V JNC consensus stated that although new antihypertensive agents, such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers, are considered safer drugs, there is no firm evidence from large controlled trials that these drugs are associated with a lower cardiovascular mortality. Aim: To study the association between cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure levels, pharmacological treatment and mortality in a group of hypertensive patients followed at an hypertension outpatient clinic. Patients and methods: Patients with essential hypertension were treated with different antihypertensive medications, according to physicians criteria, and controlled until death or loss from follow up. Causes of death were obtained from hospital records and death certificates. Survival was analyzed using life tables, comparisons between groups of patients were done using chi square or a Cox's proportional hazards model. Results: Three hundred thirty nine hypertensive patients aged 33 to 80 years old were followed for a mean period of 9.8 ñ 4.9 years. Eighty six were treated with beta blockers, 64 with diuretics, 133 with calcium antagonists and 56 with ACE inhibitors. Blood pressure dropped similarly with all medications. During follow up, 79 patients died. Life table analysis showed that patients with a history of angina, diabetes or myocardial infarction had higher mortality rates. Similarly, patients treated with beta blockers and diuretics had higher mortality than patients treated with calcium antagonists or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The proportional hazards model showed that the effect of treatment modality persisted after correction for the other risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: In this series of hypertensive patients, those treated with beta blockers or diuretics had higher mortality rates than those receiving calcium channel antagonists or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Insulinemia en ayunas como marcador simple de resistencia a la insulina en hipertensos / Fasting insulinemia as simple marker of insulin resistance in hypertensive patients

Insulin resistance is associated to hypertension, obesity and diabetes and may be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. The exact assessment of insulin resistance requires complex metabolic studies. However, there is a good correlation between this parameter and fasting serum insulin levels. The aim of this work was to study fasting serum insulin levels by ratio immuno analysis in 43 hypertensive patients aged 56 ñ 5.5 years old (27 male, 17 obese and 8 diabetics) and 20 normotensive controls aged 50 ñ 4.8 years old (13 male). Insulin levels were 3.8 UI/L in controls, 12.1 UI/L in normal weight, 15.5 UI/L in obese and 18.3 UI/L in diabetic hypertensives (ANOVA p<0.001). These levels were above two standard deviation of control values in 50 percent of normal weigth, 66 percent of obese and 62 percent diabetic hypertensives. It is conclude that normal weigth, obese and diabetic hypertensive subjects have high fasting insulin levels